Urban civilization existed inside the Indus River valley from about 2500 to 1500 BCE, when, it's miles believed, Aryan incursions brought it to an end. The area entered recorded records with the annexation of Punjab and Sindh to the Persian empire by means of Darius I (c. 518 BCE). The founder of the Maurya dynasty, Chandragupta, integrated the region into his Indian empire about 322 BCE. The first Muslims to penetrate northern India had been the Arabs, who in 712 CE conquered the lower Punjab. The rest of the Punjab become conquered (1007–27) by means of Maḥmūd of Ghazna. The vicinity eventually got here under numerous other Muslim rulers till the effective access of the Mughals in 1526. Under the Mughals the province loved peace and prosperity for extra than 2 hundred years. Their strength declined after 1738, but, and in 1747 Lahore fell under weak Afghan rule marked via lawlessness and disease. The non secular sect called the Sikhs rose to strength within the latter a part of the 18th century. The Punjab got here underneath British occupation in 1849, after the British victory over the Sikhs in the battles of Chilianwala and Gujrat. When the Indian subcontinent received its independence in 1947, Punjab became break up between Pakistan and India, with the bigger western component turning into a part of Pakistan. The gift provincial boundaries were mounted in 1970.
Punjab’s region primarily includes an alluvial plain shaped by means of the southward-flowing Indus River and its four main tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. The standard slope of the land is from northeast to southwest, however it rises inside the regions among rivers. The alluvial undeniable has a variety of landforms: its energetic floodplains are flooded each rainy season and contain converting river channels, even as meander floodplains mendacity adjoining to the energetic floodplain are marked through relict and abandoned channels. In the northern parts of the province are the Murree and Rawalpindi and the Pabbi hills, a part of the Sub-Himalayas, and within the some distance north is the Potwar Plateau. Although the region is a traditional floodplain, the outstanding flooding of the Indus River within the summer of 2010 become especially disastrous in Punjab, where tens of millions of human beings have been affected (by some estimates, one-half of of all Pakistanis affected had been in Punjab). The government’s failure to alert the general public of the upcoming disaster elicited lots complaint; a few felt that officers, having had preceding experience coping with flooding there, need to had been capable of provide Punjabis with greater forewarning.Punjab lies at the margin of the monsoon weather. The temperature is normally warm, with marked variations among summer season and iciness. In the obvious the suggest June temperature reaches the mid-90s F (mid-30s C), at the same time as the suggest January temperature is in the mid-50s F (low 10s C). The average annual precipitation is low, besides inside the sub-Himalayan and northern areas, and reduces markedly from north to south or southwest, from 23 inches (580 mm) at Lahore in east-critical Punjab to just 7 inches (one hundred eighty mm) at Multān in the southwest.
Punjab is the maximum populous province of Pakistan, containing more than 1/2 the country’s total population as well as numerous of its essential cities: Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multān, and Gujranwala. There is full-size rural-to-urban migration inside the province, especially to the bigger cities. In religion, the province is nearly absolutely Muslim, with a small Christian minority. Punjabi is the mother tongue of the terrific majority of the population. The predominant written language is Urdu, followed by using English. The fundamental ethnic agencies are the Jat, Rajput, Arain, Gujar, and Awan. The caste device is progressively turning into blurred due to increasing social mobility, intercaste marriages, and changing public opinion.
Agriculture is the chief supply of earnings and employment in Punjab. Much of the province as soon as consisted of wasteland wastes that had been destructive for settlement, however its character changed after an intensive network of irrigation canals changed into built in the early twentieth century the use of the waters of the Indus tributaries. The location of settlement, which had formerly been constrained to the north and northeast, changed into enlarged to encompass the whole province, and now approximately 3-quarters of the province’s cultivable land is irrigated. Wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Other crops grown consist of rice, sugarcane, millet, corn (maize), oilseeds, pulses, fruits, and vegetables. Livestock and hen are raised in large numbers.
Punjab is one of the greater industrialized provinces in Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, machinery, electric home equipment, surgical gadgets, metals, bicycles and rickshaws, ground coverings, and processed meals. Pakistan’s most important north-south road and railway connect Lahore with Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, to the north and with the ocean port of Karachi to the south. Punjab is hooked up with the aid of avenue or railway to India, China, and Afghanistan, and its major towns are related through street. Lahore’s airport provides home carrier. The University of the Punjab and the University of Engineering and Technology are positioned in Lahore, as are different colleges, museums, libraries, and cultural centres.
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