Areas where land meets massive bodies of water are referred to as coastal zones. The division among land and water is a fundamental idea to human beings. The demarcation among land and water can vary through neighborhood jurisdiction and different elements. A maritime boundary is one instance of a political demarcation. A variety of natural boundaries exist to assist certainly outline where water meets land. Solid rock landforms are less difficult to demarcate than marshy or swampy boundaries, wherein there is no clean point at which the land ends and a frame of water has all started. Demarcation can in addition vary due to tides and climate.
The word 'land' is derived from Middle English land, lond and Old English land, lond (“earth, land, soil, ground; defined piece of land, territory, realm, province, district; landed assets; usa (not town); ridge in a ploughed area”), from Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”), and from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”). Cognate with Scots land (“land”), West Frisian lân (“land”), Dutch land (“land”), German Land (“land, usa, nation”), Swedish land (“land, us of a, shore, territory”), Icelandic land (“land”). Non-Germanic cognates encompass Old Irish lann (“heath”), Welsh llan (“enclosure”), Breton lann (“heath”), Old Church Slavonic lędо from Proto-Slavic *lenda (“heath, barren region”) and Albanian lëndinë (“heath, grassland”) from lëndë (“count number, substance”).
A non-stop vicinity of land surrounded through ocean is known as a "landmass". Although it is able to be most often written as one phrase to differentiate it from the usage "land mass"—the measure of land area—it's also used as two words. Landmasses encompass supercontinents, continents, and islands. There are 4 essential continuous landmasses on Earth: Afro-Eurasia, the Americas, Antarctica and Australia. Land, able to being ploughed and used to develop crops, is called arable land.[2] A country or region may be referred to as the motherland, homeland, or hometown of its people. Many nations and other places have names incorporating -land (e.G. New Zealand).
History of land on Earth
The earliest material found inside the Solar System is dated to 4.5672±zero.0006 bya (billion years ago);[3] therefore, the Earth itself should have been shaped via accretion round this time. By four.54±0.04 bya,[4] the primordial Earth had formed. The formation and evolution of the Solar System our bodies took place in tandem with the Sun. In theory, a sun nebula walls a volume out of a molecular cloud by means of gravitational crumble, which starts to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disc, which the planets then develop out of in tandem with the megastar. A nebula carries gasoline, ice grains and dirt (such as primordial nuclides). In nebular theory, planetesimals begin forming as particulate be counted accrues through cohesive clumping after which with the aid of gravity. The meeting of the primordial Earth proceeded for 10–20 myr.[5]
Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed via volcanic pastime and outgassing that included water vapor. The origin of the arena's oceans turned into condensation augmented by water and ice brought via asteroids, proto-planets, and comets.[6] In this model, atmospheric "greenhouse gases" saved the oceans from freezing even as the newly forming Sun became simplest at 70% luminosity.[7] By three.Five bya, the Earth's magnetic area become installed, which helped save you the ecosystem from being stripped away via the solar wind.[8] The surroundings and oceans of the Earth constantly shape the land by means of eroding and transporting solids at the floor.[9]
The crust, which presently paperwork the Earth's land, changed into created whilst the molten outer layer of the planet Earth cooled to form a strong mass as the accumulated water vapor commenced to behave in the ecosystem. Once land have become capable of helping lifestyles, biodiversity developed over masses of million years, expanding constantly besides whilst punctuated by means of mass extinctions.[10]
The two models[11] that explain land mass suggest both a steady growth to the existing-day bureaucracy[12] or, much more likely, a rapid growth[13] early in Earth records[14] observed by using a long-time period constant continental region.[15][16][17] Continents shaped with the aid of plate tectonics, a technique in the long run pushed via the continuous loss of heat from the Earth's indoors. On time scales lasting masses of millions of years, the supercontinents have formed and damaged aside 3 instances. Roughly 750 mya (million years in the past), one of the earliest recognised supercontinents, Rodinia, started to break apart. The continents later recombined to shape Pannotia, six hundred–540 mya, then finally Pangaea, which also broke apart 180 mya.[18]
Land and weather
The land of the Earth interacts with and impacts climate heavily since the floor of the land heats up and cools down quicker than air or water.[38] Latitude, elevation, topography, reflectivity, and land use all have various effects. The latitude of the land will influence how a great deal solar radiation reaches the surface. High latitudes acquire much less solar radiation than low latitudes.[38] The peak of the land is vital in creating and transforming airflow and precipitation on Earth. Large landforms, consisting of mountain degrees, divert wind power and make the air parcel much less dense and able to maintain much less warmness.[38] As air rises, this cooling effect reasons condensation and precipitation. Reflectivity of the earth is known as planetary albedo and the form of land cover that gets power from the solar affects the amount of power this is contemplated or transferred to Earth.[39] Vegetation has a exceptionally low albedo that means that vegetated surfaces are top absorbers of the solar’s energy. Forests have an albedo of 10–15% whilst grasslands have an albedo of 15–20%. In contrast, sandy deserts have an albedo of 25–40%.[39] Land use with the aid of humans also plays a role inside the regional and global climate. Densely populated cities are warmer and create urban warmness islands that have results at the precipitation, cloud cover, and temperature of the place.[38]
Notes
The image of the universe in Talmudic texts has the Earth inside the center of creation with heaven as a hemisphere spread over it. Biblical writings, which includes the Genesis advent story and the various Psalms that extol the firmament, the celebrities, the solar, and the earth, give similar factors. The Hebrews noticed the earth as an almost flat floor which includes a solid and a liquid part and the sky as the realm of light wherein heavenly bodies flow. The earth rested on cornerstones and couldn't be moved except via Jehovah (as in an earthquake). According to the Hebrews, the solar and the moon were simplest a quick distance from one another. "Cosmology." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2012. Author: Giorgio Abetti, Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri-Firenze.
The Earth is normally described as a disk encircled through water. Cosmological and metaphysical speculations were no longer to be cultivated in public nor had been they to be committed to writing. Rather, they have been considered to be "secrets and techniques of the Torah not to be handed directly to everyone" (Ketubot 112a). While have a look at of God's creation became now not prohibited, speculations about "what is above, what's underneath, what is before, and what's after" (Mishnah Hagigah: 2) have been restrained to the highbrow elite. (Topic Overview: Judaism, Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Ed. J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2003. Pp. 477–483. Hava Tirosh-Samuelson).
References
Michael Allaby, Chris Park, A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (2013), p. 239, ISBN 0199641668.
Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "arable, adj. And n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013.
Bowring, S.; Housh, T. (1995). "The Earth's early evolution". Science. 269 (5230): 1535–1540. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1535B. Doi:10.1126/science.7667634. PMID 7667634.
See:
Dalrymple, G.B. (1991). The Age of the Earth. California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804715690.
Newman, William L. (2007-07-09). "Age of the Earth". Publications Services, USGS. Archived from the original on 2005-12-23. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the 20th century: a hassle (typically) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.A hundred ninety..205D. Doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. Archived from the unique on 2007-eleven-eleven. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
Stassen, Chris (2005-09-10). "The Age of the Earth". TalkOrigins Archive. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Yin, Qingzhu; Jacobsen, S. B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Télouk, P.; Albarède, F. (2002). "A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites". Nature. 418 (6901): 949–952. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..949Y. Doi:10.1038/nature00995. PMID 12198540.
Morbidelli, A.; et al. (2000). "Source regions and time scales for the shipping of water to Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 35 (6): 1309–1320. Bibcode:2000M&PS...35.1309M. Doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.Tb01518.X.
Guinan, E.F.; Ribas, I. "Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate". In Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan. ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Bibcode:2002ASPC..269...85G. ISBN 1583811095.
Staff (March four, 2010). "Oldest dimension of Earth's magnetic subject reveals struggle between Sun and Earth for our ecosystem". Physorg.Information. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
NOAA. Ocean Literacy Archived 2014-11-27 on the Wayback Machine.
Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. And Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between international taxonomic variety, ecological range and the growth of vertebrates on land" (PDF). Biology Letters. 6 (four): 544–547. Doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC 2936204. PMID 20106856. Archived from the original on 2015-11-06.
Rogers, John James William; Santosh, M. (2004). Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press US. P. Forty eight. ISBN 978-0195165890.
Hurley, P.M.; Rand, J.R. (Jun 1969). "Pre-float continental nuclei". Science. 164 (3885): 1229–1242. Bibcode:1969Sci...164.1229H. Doi:10.1126/technological know-how.164.3885.1229. PMID 17772560.
De Smet, J.; Van Den Berg, A.P.; Vlaar, N.J. (2000). "Early formation and lengthy-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle". Tectonophysics. 322 (1–2): 19. Bibcode:2000Tectp.322...19D. Doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X. Hdl:1874/1653.
Armstrong, R.L. (1968). "A version for the evolution of strontium and lead isotopes in a dynamic earth". Reviews of Geophysics. 6 (2): 175–199. Bibcode:1968RvGSP...6..175A. Doi:10.1029/RG006i002p00175.
Kleine, Thorsten; Palme, Herbert; Mezger, Klaus; Halliday, Alex N. (2005-eleven-24). "Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon". Science. 310 (5754): 1671–1674. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1671K. Doi:10.1126/technology.1118842. PMID 16308422.
Hong, D.; Zhang, Jisheng; Wang, Tao; Wang, Shiguang; Xie, Xilin (2004). "Continental crustal growth and the supercontinental cycle: evidence from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 23 (5): 799. Bibcode:2004JAESc..23..799H. Doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00134-2.
Armstrong, R.L. (1991). "The persistent myth of crustal boom". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 38 (5): 613–630. Bibcode:1991AuJES..38..613A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.527.9577. Doi:10.1080/08120099108727995.
Murphy, J.B.; Nance, R.D. (1965). "How do supercontinents gather?". American Scientist. 92 (four): 324–333. Doi:10.1511/2004.4.324. Archived from the authentic on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
"Aqua Facts". Hawai'i Pacific University Oceanic Institute.
FAO Agri-Environmental Indicators / Land cover
values are from CCI_LC（Climate Change Initiative Land Cover） by way of European Space Agency
FAO Dataset Information: Land Cover Title Abstract Supplemental see Table 1. SEEA CF/AFF land cover lessons and corresponding LCC classifiers, page 2,three,4
Werner, E.T.C. (1922). Myths & Legends of China. New York: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
H. And H.A. Frankfort, J.A. Wilson, and T. Jacobsen, Before Philosophy (Baltimore: Penguin, 1949) fifty four.
Anthony Gottlieb (2000). The Dream of Reason. Penguin. P. 6. ISBN 978-0393049510.
Berlin, Adele (2011). "Cosmology and introduction". In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199730049. Archived from the authentic on 2016-06-eleven.
Pyramid Texts, Utterance 366, 629a–629c: "Behold, thou art notable and round like the Great Round; Behold, thou are bent round, and artwork spherical like the Circle which encircles the nbwt; Behold, thou art round and wonderful like the Great Circle which units."(Faulkner 1969, 120)
Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Pritchard, 1969, p. 374.
Coffin Texts, Spell 714.
Russell, Jeffrey B. "The Myth of the Flat Earth". American Scientific Affiliation. Archived from the unique on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2007-03-14.; however see additionally Cosmas Indicopleustes
Jacobs, James Q. (1998-02-01). "Archaeogeodesy, a Key to Prehistory". Archived from the unique on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
NASA Solar System Exploration Terrestrial Planet Interiors Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
NASA The Jovian Planets Archived 2015-05-07 at WebCite
Wiktorowicz, Sloane J.; Ingersoll, Andrew P. (2007). "Liquid water oceans in ice giants". Icarus. 186 (2): 436–447. ArXiv:astro-ph/0609723. Bibcode:2007Icar..186..436W. Doi:10.1016/j.Icarus.2006.09.003. ISSN 0019-1035.
Silvera, Isaac (2010). "Diamond: Molten beneath stress". Nature Physics. 6 (1): 9–10. Bibcode:2010NatPh...6....9S. Doi:10.1038/nphys1491. ISSN 1745-2473.
NASA How are craters fashioned Archived 2015-04-02 on the Wayback Machine.
"Lunar Embassy". Lunarembassy.Com. Archived from the authentic on 2015-04-07.
PBS Learning Media The Effect of Land Masses on Climate Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Alan Betts: Atmospheric Research The Climate Energy Balance of the Earth Archived 2015-03-05 at the Wayback Machine.
No comments:
Post a Comment