Turkey is situated at the crossroads of the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, and eastern Mediterranean. It is amongst the larger international locations of the location in phrases of territory and population, and its land location is extra than that of any European kingdom. Nearly all the country is in Asia, comprising the oblong peninsula of Asia Minor—additionally known as Anatolia (Anadolu)—and, within the east, part of a mountainous place from time to time known as the Armenian Highland. The the rest—Turkish Thrace (Trakya)—lies in the acute southeastern part of Europe, a tiny remnant of an empire that once extended over a whole lot of the Balkans.
The united states of america has a north-south volume that levels from about 300 to 400 miles (480 to 640 km), and it stretches approximately 1,000 miles from west to east. Turkey is bounded on the north by the Black Sea, at the northeast by Georgia and Armenia, on the east by means of Azerbaijan and Iran, at the southeast by means of Iraq and Syria, on the southwest and west via the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea, and at the northwest through Greece and Bulgaria. The capital is Ankara, and its biggest city and seaport is Istanbul.Of a total boundary length of a few 4,000 miles (6,440 km), approximately 3-fourths is maritime, inclusive of coastlines along the Black Sea, the Aegean, and the Mediterranean, in addition to the narrows that link the Black and Aegean seas. These narrows—which consist of the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles—are recognised together as the Turkish straits; Turkey’s manipulate of the straits, the most effective outlet from the Black Sea, has been a main aspect in its relations with other states. Most of the islands alongside the Aegean coast are Greek; best the islands of Gökçeada and Bozcaada stay in Turkish arms. The maritime boundary with Greece has been a source of dispute among the 2 international locations on severa activities for the reason that World War II.A lengthy succession of political entities existed in Asia Minor over the centuries. Turkmen tribes invaded Anatolia within the eleventh century CE, founding the Seljuq empire; for the duration of the 14th century the Ottoman Empire started out a long enlargement, achieving its height throughout the seventeenth century. The current Turkish republic, founded in 1923 after the disintegrate of the Ottoman Empire, is a nationalist, secular, parliamentary democracy. After a period of one-birthday party rule under its founder, Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), and his successor, Turkish governments because the Nineteen Fifties had been produced by way of multiparty elections based totally on standard grownup suffrage.
Land
Relief
Turkey is a predominantly mountainous u . S . A ., and real lowland is limited to the coastal fringes. About one-fourth of the surface has an elevation above 4,000 feet (1,200 metres), and much less than two-fifths lies under 1,500 toes (460 metres). Mountain crests exceed 7,500 toes (2,300 metres) in many locations, specifically inside the east, in which Turkey’s highest mountain, Mount Ararat (Ağrı), reaches 16,945 feet (five,a hundred sixty five metres) near the borders with Armenia and Iran. In the southeast the Uludoruk Peak reaches 15,563 ft (four,744 metres); though further west, the Demirkazık Peak (12,320 ft [3,755 metres]) and Mount Aydos (eleven,414 toes [3,479 metres]) also are massive peaks. Steep slopes are commonplace at some stage in the u . S . A ., and flat or lightly sloping land makes up slightly one-6th of the overall region. These remedy capabilities have an effect on other aspects of the physical environment, generating climates frequently an awful lot harsher than might be anticipated for a country of Turkey’s latitude and reducing the provision and productivity of agricultural land. Structurally, the united states lies within the geologically younger folded-mountain region of Eurasia, which in Turkey trends predominantly east to west. The geology of Turkey is complex, with sedimentary rocks ranging from Paleozoic to Quaternary, numerous intrusions, and significant regions of volcanic cloth. Four foremost regions may be identified: the northern folded quarter, the southern folded sector, the important massif, and the Arabian platform.
The northern folded quarter
The northern folded quarter accommodates a sequence of mountain ridges, growing in elevation closer to the east, that occupy a belt approximately 90 to a hundred twenty five miles (one hundred forty five to 200 km) wide without delay south of the Black Sea. The machine as a whole is called the Pontic Mountains (Doğukaradeniz Dağları). In the west the device has been fractured by means of the faulting that produced the Turkish straits; in Thrace the Ergene lowlands are among the most important within the usa, and the primary mountain variety—the Yıldız (Istranca)—reaches most effective 3,379 ft (1,030 metres). Lowlands also occur to the south of the Sea of Marmara and along the lower Sakarya River east of the Bosporus. High ridges trending east-west rise all at once from the Black Sea coast, and the coastal simple is for this reason narrow, starting out only in the deltas of the Kızıl and Yeşil rivers. These rivers wreck through the mountain barrier in a region of weak point where summits are beneath 2,000 feet (six hundred metres), dividing the Pontic Mountains into western and japanese sections. In the western segment, among the Sakarya and Kızıl rivers, there are four most important ridges: the Küre, Bolu, Ilgaz, and Köroğlu mountains. East of the Yeşil the device is higher, narrower, and steeper. Less than 50 miles from the coast, peaks upward push to extra than 10,000 feet (three,000 metres), with a maximum elevation of 12,917 feet (3,937 metres) within the Kaçkar range. Separated by means of the slender trough of the Kelkit and Çoruh river valleys stands a second ridge that rises above eight,000 toes (2,four hundred metres).
The southern folded zone
The southern folded area occupies the southern 1/3 of the us of a, from the Aegean to the Gulf of Iskenderun, from which it extends to the northeast and east across the northern facet of the Arabian platform. Over most of its period, the Mediterranean coastal undeniable is slender, but there are important lowland embayments. The Antalya Plain extends inland a few 20 miles (30 km) from the Gulf of Antalya; the Adana Plain, measuring kind of 90 with the aid of 60 miles (145 by one hundred km), contains the blended deltas of the Seyhan and Ceyhan rivers. The mountain machine falls into main elements. West of Antalya a complicated series of ridges with a north-south trend reaches 6,500 to eight,2 hundred toes (2,000 to 2,500 metres), however the maximum outstanding feature is the large Taurus (Toros) mountain device, strolling parallel to the Mediterranean coast and lengthening alongside the southern border. There crest traces are regularly above 8,000 ft (2,400 metres), and several peaks exceed 11,000 toes (three,four hundred metres).
In the japanese third of the country, the northern and southern fold systems converge to produce an intensive vicinity of predominantly mountainous terrain, with pockets of noticeably stage land limited to valleys and enclosed basins, as are located round Malatya, Elazığ, and Muş.
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